World History of Europe
c.5000 - Neolithic (new stone age) Period begins; first evidence of farming appears; stone axes, antler combs, pottery in common use.
c.4000 - Construction of the "Sweet Track" begun (named for its discoverer, Ray Sweet); many similar raised, wooden walkways were constructed at this time providing a way to traverse the low, boggy, swampy areas in the Somerset Levels, near Glastonbury; earliest-known camps or communities appear (ie. Hembury, Devon).
c.3000-2500 - Castlerigg Stone Circle (Cumbria), one of Britain's earliest and most beautiful, begun; Pentre Ifan (Dyfed), a classic example of a chambered tomb, constructed; Bryn Celli Ddu (Anglesey), known as the "mound in the dark grove," begun, one of the finest examples of a "passage grave."
c.3500-3000 - First appearance of long barrows and chambered tombs; at Hambledon Hill (Dorset), the primitive burial rite known as "corpse exposure" was practiced, wherein bodies were left in the open air to decompose or be consumed by animals and birds.
c.2500-1500 - Most stone circles in British Isles erected during this period; pupose of the circles is uncertain, although most experts speculate that they had either astronomical or ritual uses.
c.2500 - Bronze Age begins; multi-chambered tombs in use (ie. West Kennet Long Barrow) first appearance of henge "monuments;" construction begun on Silbury Hill, Europe's largest prehistoric, man-made hill (132 ft); "Beaker Folk," identified by the pottery beakers (along with other objects) found in their single burial sites.
c.2000 - Metal objects are widely manufactured in England about this time, first from copper, then with arsenic and tin added; woven cloth appears in Britain, evidenced by findings of pins and cloth fasteners in graves; construction begun on Stonehenge's inner ring of bluestones.
c.2300 - Construction begun on Britain's largest stone circle at Avebury.
c.1800-1200 - Control of society passes from priests to those who control the manufacture of metal objects.
c.1500 - Farms (houses and separate, walled fields) in use on Dartmoor (Devon) and in uplands of Wales; stone circles seem to fall into disuse and decay around this time, perhaps due to a re-orientation of the society's religious attitudes and practices; burial mounds cease to be constructed; burials made near stone circles or in flat cemetaries.
c.1200-1000 - Emergence of a warrior class who now begins to take a central role in society.
c.1000 - Earliest hill-top earthworks ("hillforts") begin to appear, also fortified farmsteads; increasing sophistication of arts and crafts, particularly in decorative personal and animal ornamentation.
c.1100 - Geoffrey of Monmouth suggests that Brutus arrives about this time.
c.600 - Iron replaces bronze, Iron Age begins; construction of Old Sarum begun.
c.500 - Evidence of the spread of Celtic customs and artefacts across Britain; more and varied types of pottery in use, more characteristic decoration of jewelry. There was no known invasion of Britain by the Celts; they probably gradually infiltrated into British society through trade and other contact over a period of several hundred years; Druids, the intellectual class of the Celts (their own word for themselves, meaning "the hidden people"), begin a thousand year floruit.
c.100 - Flourishing of Carn Euny (Cornwall), an iron age village with interlocking stone court-yard houses; community features a "fogou," an underground chamber used, possibly, for storage or defense.
c.150 - Metal coinage comes into use; widespread contact with continent.
54 - Julius Caesar's second invasion of Britain. British forces led, this time, by Cassivellaunus, a capable commander. Despite early Roman advances, British continued to harass the invaders, effectively. A "deal" with the Trinovantes (tribal enemies of Cassivellaunus), and the subsequent desertion of other British tribes, finally guaranteed the Roman victory. Caesar's first two expeditions to Britain were only exploratory in nature, and were never intended to absorb Britain into the Roman sphere, at that time.
54 BC-43 AD - Roman influence manages to increase in Britain during this time, eventhough Roman troops are absent, as a direct result of trade and other interaction with the continent.
55 - Julius Caesar's first invasion of Britain.
AD 5 - Rome acknowledges Cymbeline, King of the Catuvellauni, as king of Britain
AD 43 - Romans, under Aulus Plautius, land at Richborough (Kent) for a full-scale invasion of the island. In the south-east of Britain, Togodumnus and Caratacus have been whipping up anti-Roman feeling and have cut off tribute payments to Rome. Caratacus leads main British resistance to the invasion, but is finally defeated in 51.
AD 51 - Caratacus, British resistance leader, is captured and taken to Rome
AD 61 - Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, led uprising against the Roman occupiers, but is defeated and killed by the Roman governor, Suetonius Paulinus
AD 63 - Joseph of Arimathea came to Glastonbury on the first Christian mission to Britain.
AD 75-77 ABOUT- The Roman conquest of Britain is complete, as Wales is finally subdued; Julius Agricola is imperial governor (to 84)
AD 122 - Construction of Hadrian's Wall ordered along the northern frontier, for the purpose of hindering incursions of the aggressive tribes there into Britannia
AD 133 - Julius Severus, governor of Britain, is sent to Palestine to crush the revolt
AD 167 - At the request of King Lucius, the missionaries, Phagan and Deruvian,were said to have been sent by Pope Eleutherius to convert the Britons to Christianity. This is, perhaps, the most widely believed of the legends of the founding of Christianity in Britain.
AD 184 - Lucius Artorius Castus, commander of a detachment of Sarmatian conscripts stationed in Britain, led his troops to Gaul to quell a rebellion. This is the first appearance of the name, Artorius, in history and some believe that this Roman military man is the original, or basis, for the Arthurian legend. The theory says that Castus' exploits in Gaul, at the head of a contingent of mounted troops, are the basis for later, similar traditions about "King Arthur," and, further, that the name "Artorius" became a title, or honorific, which was ascribed to a famous warrior in the fifth century.
AD 197 - Clodius Albinus, governor of Britain, another claimant to the Imperial throne, is killed by Severus at the battle of Lyon
AD 208 - Severus goes to defend Britain, and repairs Hadrian's Wall
AD 209 - St. Alban, first British martyr, was killed for his faith in one of the few persecutions of Christians ever to take place on the island, during the governorship of Gaius Junius Faustinus Postumianus (there is controversy about the date of Alban's martyrdom. Some believe it occurred during the persecutions of Diocletian, in the next century.
AD 270 about - Beginning of the "Saxon Shore" fort system, a chain of coastal forts in the south and east of Britain, listed in a document known as "Notitia Dignitatum."
AD 287 - Revolt by Carausius, commander of the Roman British fleet, who rules Britain as emperor until murdered by Allectus, a fellow rebel, in 293
AD 303 - Diocletian orders a general persecution of the Christians
AD 306 - Constantine (later to be known as "the Great") was proclaimed Emperor at York.
AD 311 - Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends.
AD 312 - Constantine defeats and kills Maxentius at battle of Milvian Bridge; after seeing a vision of the Cross of Christ in the sky, Constantine realizes that the Christian God may be a powerful ally and decides to attempt to co-opt him for his own purposes.
AD 313 - Edict of Toleration proclaimed at Milan, in which Christianity is made legal throughout the empire.
AD 314 - Three British bishops, for the first time, attend a continental church gathering, the Council of Arles.
AD 324 - Constantine finally achieves full control over an undivided empire. He was a skillful politician who is popularly believed to have made Christianity the official religion of the empire because of his personal convictions. In actuality, that act was merely an expedient intended to harness the power of its "God" for the benefit of the state. He re-located the imperial headquarters to Byzantium, whose name he then changed to Constantinople.
AD 337 - Constantine received "Christian" baptism on his deathbed. Joint rule of Constantine's three sons: Constantine II (to 340); Constans (to 350); Constantius (to 361)
AD 360's - Series of attacks on Britain from the north by the Picts, the Attacotti and the Irish (Scots), requiring the intervention of Roman generals leading special legions.
AD 369 - Roman general Theodosius drives the Picts and Scots out of Roman Britain
AD 383 - Magnus Maximus (Macsen Wledig), a Spaniard, was proclaimed Emperor in Britain by the island's Roman garrison. With an army of British volunteers, he quickly conquered Gaul, Spain and Italy.
AD 388 - Maximus occupied Rome itself. Theodosius, the eastern Emperor, defeated him in battle and beheaded him in July, 388, with many of the remnant of Maximus' troops settling in Armorica. The net result to Britain was the loss of many valuable troops needed for the island's defense (the "first migration").
AD 395 - Theodosius, the last emperor to rule an undivided empire, died, leaving his one son, Arcadius, emperor in the East and his other son, the young Honorius, emperor in the West. At this point the office of Roman Emperor changed from a position of absolute power to one of being merely a head of state.
AD 396 - The Roman general, Stilicho, acting as regent in the western empire during Honorius' minority, reorganized British defenses decimated by the Magnus Maximus debacle. Began transfer of military authority from Roman commanders to local British chieftains.
AD 397 - The Roman commander, Stilicho, comes to Britain and repels an attack by Picts, Irish and Saxons.
AD 406 --Roman legions withdraw from Britain, ending four centuries of Roman rule.
AD 407 Remaining Roman Legion withdrawn from Britain.
AD 408 Roman legions withdrawn, Britannia attacked by Picts, Scots, Saxons.
AD 410 - Rome leaves; Celtics try running the country but are hindered by invaders from Ireland and Scotland.
AD 446 to 455 - Germanic Tribes, were invited to defend against the Picts and Irish. Once here, they stayed. Innext 60 years more come to conquer Britain for themselves.
AD 449 --Anglo-Saxon (Germanic) invasions begin. From the 5th to 9th Centuries, Roman Britain becomes divided into seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms; warrior-kings and Celtic chieftains often contest each other's power.
AD 496 --Battle of Mount Badon: The "real" Arthur (a battle leader) stops the invading Anglo-Saxons.
AD 500-1000 Early Middle Ages: 500-1000 (Anglo-Saxon Invasions; "Dark Ages")
AD 516 to 539 King Arthur and Celtic tribes fight back against Saxon (English) invasion.
AD 539 King Arthur killed: battle of Camlan. Celtic Britain falls to Germanic tribes (Saxons).
AD 550 - 650 Fighting between the Celts and Germanic invaders resulted in Britain being divided into 3 areas, later known as Wales, England and Scotland.
AD 597 --St. Augustine is sent by Rome to convert the British. For the next century, Roman Christianity (Catholicism) spreads throughout Anglo-Saxon and Celtic Britain. Latin is the official Church language.
AD 800 --Charlemagne (French king) crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
AD 800 8th Century B.C.--Celtic tribes settle in British Isles
AD 871 --Alfred the Great becomes King of Wessex (one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms); fights Viking invaders and works for political unification of the country ("England").
AD 871-899 Alfred the Great of England
AD 800-900 --Vikings (Norsemen or Danes) raid Britain and the European mainland.
AD 1000-1350 High Middle Ages: 1000-1350 (Middle English; Norman Conquest)
AD 1066 --Battle of Hastings: Duke William (the Conqueror) of Normandy (part of France) invades Britain and becomes King of England. This dual Norman-English kingdom is the most powerful state in Europe for next 400 years. The Normans establish a feudal system and work at unifying the country. Norman French is the official language of the law and of the new aristocracy in Britain. (Latin is still the official Church language; English is still used by ordinary people).
AD 1066 Norman conquest of England
AD 1066 September 28 William I, of England, known as the "Conqueror" invaded England claiming English throne,
AD 1096-1270 --Pope calls for crusades against the Turks in the Holy Land. Eight crusades ensue.
AD 1100-1135 Henry I of England
AD 1152 --Marriage of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine (formerly married to King of France). The most powerful woman in Europe, Eleanor and her French daughter (Countess Marie de Champagne) promote the practice and literature of courtly love.
AD 1154-1189 Henry II of England
AD 1162 about Literary: Chretien's Knight of the Cart (ca. 1162);
AD 1170 about Marie de France's Lanval (ca. 1170)
AD 1189-1199 --Richard I (Richard the Lion-Hearted), son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, rules Britain; leads the Second Crusade in 1190.
AD 1272-1307 Edward I of England
AD 1300 (Kings and Queens) Edward I. and Philip IV.
AD 1300 Start of Scottish border wars
AD 1306 Robert Bruce crowned
AD 1307 Edward II m. Isabella of France
AD 1307 Knights Templars arrested
AD 1307) Literary: Dante's Divine Comedy (1307)
AD 1314 (Kings and Queens) Louis X
AD 1314 Battle of Bannockburn
AD 1316 (Kings and Queens) Philip V
AD 1322 (Kings and Queens) Charles IV
AD 1322 Battle of Boroughbridge
AD 1325 Isabella gains French help
AD 1327 (Kings and Queens) Edward III m. Philippa of Hainault
AD 1328 (Kings and Queens) Philip VI (France)
AD 1333 Battle of Hallidon Hill
AD 1337 Start of Hundred Years War AD 1340 Battle of Sluys
AD 1337-1453 --Hundred Years War: War to separate the kingdoms of France and England. One famous casualty is Joan of Arc, burned at the stake in 1431.
AD 1346 Battles at Crecy and Neville's Cross
AD 1346-1351 --Bubonic plague (the Black Death) kills one-third of the European population.
AD 1347 Calais captured by the English
AD 1348 Black Death reached England
AD 1350 (Kings and Queens) John the Good (France)
AD 1350-1500 ( Late Middle Ages: 1350-1500 (Hundred Years War)
AD 1356 Battle of Poitiers
AD 1364 (Kings and Queens) Charles V, France
AD 1376 Death of Black Prince
AD 1377 (Kings and Queens) Richard II, m. (1) Anne of Bohemia, (2) Isabella of France
AD 1381 --The Peasant's Revolt is caused by severe economic problems.
AD 1381 English peasant's revolt
AD 1387); Literary: Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1387);
AD 1390 Chaucer's Canterbury Tales
AD 1399 (Kings and Queens) Henry IV, m. (1) Mary Bohun, (2) Joanna of Navarre
AD 1400 Glendower Rebellion
AD 1400 Henry IV. and Charles VI (France).
AD 1402 Battle of Homildon Hill
AD 1403 Battle of Shrewsbury
AD 1403 Revolt of the Percies
AD 1412 Joan of Arc, 1412-1431
AD 1413 (Kings and Queens) Henry V m. Catherine of France
AD 1413 March 20 England's King Henry IV died, succeeded by Henry V.
AD 1415 Battle of Agincourt
AD 1415 Siege of Harfleur
AD 1415 War with France
AD 1420 Treaty of Troyes
AD 1422 (Kings and Queens) Henry VI m. Margaret of Anjou Charles VII (France)
AD 1445 Truce with France
AD 1450 (APROX)--Gutenberg invents the printing press.
AD 1455 First Battle of St. Albans
AD 1455 War of the Roses 1455-61
AD 1455-1485 War of the Roses in England
AD 1455-1487 --War of the Roses: English civil war between the House of York (white rose) and House of Lancaster (red rose) fighting for control of the throne.
AD 1460 Battle of Northampton
AD 1460 Battle of Wakefield
AD 1461 (Kings and Queens) Edward IV m. Elizabeth Woodville Louis XI (France)
AD 1461 Battle of Mortimer's Cross
AD 1461 Battle of Towton
AD 1461 Second battle of St. Albans
AD 1464 Battle of Hedgeley Moor
AD 1464 Battle of Hexham
AD 1471 Battle of Barnet Battle of Tewkesbury
AD 1477 Caxton prints first book in England
AD 1483 (Kings and Queens) Edward V Richard III m. Anne Neville Charles VIII (France)
AD 1483 Princes murdered in the Tower
AD 1485 (Kings and Queens) Henry VII m. Elizabeth of York
AD 1485 August 22 King Richard III was killed, ending the War of the Roses
AD 1485 Battle of Bosworth
AD 1485-1603 Strong Tudor dynasty in England
AD 1491 June 28 Henry the VIII was born
AD 1492 Columbus discovers America
AD 1547 January 28 Henry VIII died
AD 1559 January 15 Queen Elizabeth I crowned.
AD 1564 April 23 William Shakespeare was born
AD 1567 June 16 Mary, Queen of Scots, imprisoned in Scotland
AD 1600 The Renaissance 16th Century--The Renaissance era begins (Protestant Reformation; Queen Elizabeth I; Shakespeare; etc.).
AD 1616 April 23 William Shakespeare died on the same day as his birth, 52 years later.
AD 1618 October 29 Sir Walter Raleigh was executed in London
AD 1620 September 16 Plymouth Pilgrims left England on the "Mayflower"
AD 1727 March 20 Sir Isaac Newton died in London
AD 1806 March 6 Poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning was born in Durham, England
AD Literary: Malory's Le Morte Darthur (1484)
AD 1870 June 9 Author Charles Dickens died in Godshill, England
AD 1908 January 24 First Boy Scout troop organized in England by Robert Baden-Powell
AD 1937 May 28 Neville Chamberlain became the prime minister of Britain
AD 1940 August 30 The Battle of Britain occurred during WWII
AD 1940 July 10 The Battle of Britain began
AD 1940 June 10 Italy declared war on France and England (WWII)
AD 1979 May 3 Margaret Thatcher was chosen to become Britain's first female prime minister
AD 1997 August 31 Lady Diana, Princess of Wales (car crash in Paris, France)
AD 1997 September 6 Princess Diana was buried on a small island at Althorp House, England, 1997
BC EURUOPE BC
BC 65-8 Horace
BC 70-19 Virgil
BC 98-55 Lucretius
BC 106-43 Cicero
BC 200 The Skeptics
BC 205-118 Polybius
BC 220-150 Herophilus
BC 276-195 Eratosthenes
BC 287-212 Archimedes
BC 300-100 Hellenistic international trade
BC 310-230 Aristarchus
BC 320-250 Zeno the Stoic
BC 323 Death of Alexander, division of his empire
BC 323-285 Euclid
BC 334-323 Conquests of Alexander the Great
BC 342-270 Epicurus
BC 370-310 Praxiteles
BC 384-322 Aristotle
BC 400-300 Corinthian style architecture
BC 429-347 Plato
BC 431-404 Peloponnesian War
BC 448-380 Aristophanes
BC 450-400 The Sophists
BC 460 The Parthenon
BC 460-362 Democritus
BC 460-377 Hippocrates
BC 469-399 Socrates
BC 471-400 Thucydides
BC 478-404 Delian League
BC 480-406 Euripides
BC 484-420 Herodotus
BC 487-429 Perfection of Athenian democracy
BC 490-420 Protagoras
BC 490-479 Greco-Persian War
BC 496-406 Sophocles
BC 500 Orphic and Eleusinian mystery cults
BC 500-400 Ionic architectural style
BC 500-432 Phidias
BC 508 Reforms of Cleisthenes in Athens
BC 525-456 Aeschylus
BC 530 Pythagoras
BC 594 Reforms of Solon in Athens
BC 600 Invention of coinage by Lydians
BC 600 Thales of Miletus
BC 650-500 Doric architectural style
BC 1250 Trojan War
BC 1400 Destruction of Knossos and end of Minoan Civilization
BC 1500-1400 Mycenaean dominance on Crete
BC 2000 Extensive commerce between Egypt and Crete
BC 2000 Minoan worship of the Mother Goddess
BC 2000-1500 Height of Minoan Civilization
AD EURUOPE AD
AD 34-65 Seneca
AD 55-117 Tacitus
AD 120 The Pantheon
AD 204-270 Plotonius
AD 284-305 Diocletian
AD 306-337 Constantine I
AD 340 Pachomius draws up code of monastic behavior in Luxor, Egypt
AD 354-430 St. Augustine
AD 379-395 Theodosius I
AD 480-524 Boethius
AD 493-526 Theodoric the Ostrogoth king of Italy
AD 500-700 Decline of towns and trade in the west
AD 520 Benedictine monastic rule
AD 527-565 Justinian
AD 532-537 Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia
AD 590-604 Pope Gregory I
AD 610-641 Byzantine Emperor Heraclius
AD 700-1050 Predominantly agrarian economy in the West
AD 711 Muslims conquer Spain
AD 715-754 Missionary work of St. Boniface in Germany
AD 717 Muslims unsuccessfully attack Constantinople
AD 726-843 Iconoclastic controversy in Byzantine Empire
AD 750 Beowulf
AD 750 Book of Kells (Ireland)
AD 751 Pepin the Short annointed king of the Franks
AD 768-814 Charlemagne
AD 800 Charlemagne crowned emperor
AD 800-1000 Height of Byzantine commerce and industry
AD 800-850 Carolingian Renaissance
AD 850-911 Carolingian Empire distintegrates
AD 880-911 High point of Viking raids in Europe
AD 910 Foundation of Cluny
AD 936-973 Otto the Great of Germany
AD 950 Foundation of the Kievan state
AD 988 Byzantine conversion of Russia to Christianity
AD 1000 October 9 Leif Ericson discovered Vinland
AD 1025-1100 Destruction of Byzantine free peasantry
AD 1046 Beginning of Reform Papacy
AD 1050-1300 Agricultural advance, revival of towns and trade in the West
AD 1071 Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantines at Battle of Manzikert
AD 1073-1085 Pope Gregory VII
AD 1077 Penance of Henry IV at Canossa
AD 1090-1153 St. Bernard of Clairvaux
AD 1095 Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls for war to rescue Holy Land from Muslim infidels.
AD 1095 Song of Roland
AD 1095-1099 First Crusade
AD 1096 1291 The Crusades
AD 1096 The First Crusade is assembled in response to Emperor Alexius I.
AD 1098 The Christians capture Antioch
AD 1099 The Christians capture Jerusalem. They establish the Crusader States, ruled by Europeans. It is the only successful crusade.
AD 1100-1220 Troubadour poetry
AD 1100-1300 Origins of universities in the West
AD 1108-1137 Louis VI of France
AD 1115-1153 Height of Cistercian monasticism
AD 1122 Concordat of Worms ends investiture struggle
AD 1140-1260 Translation of Aristotle's works into Latin
AD 1144 The Second Crusade begins after the Seljuk Turks recapture Edessa (led by King Louis VIII of France and Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III)
AD 1147 Crusaders perish in Asia Minor
AD 1150-1500 Gothic style in architecture and art
AD 1152-1190 Frederick I (Barbarossa) of Germany
AD 1155-1157 Peter Lombard's Sentences
AD 1165-1190 Poetry of Chrétien de Troyes
AD 1168-1253 Robert Grosseteste
AD 1171 1187 Saladin controls Egypt, unites Islam in holy war (jihad) against Christians, recaptures Jerusalem
AD 1180 Windmill invented
AD 1180-1223 Philip Augustus of France
AD 1187 Crusaders lose Jerusalem to Saladin
AD 1189 Third Crusade under kings of France, England, and Germany fails to reduce Saladin's power.
AD 1198 Death of Averroës
AD 1198-1216 Pope Innocent III
AD 1200-1204 - Fourth Crusade, French knights sack Greek Christian Constantinople, establish Latin empire in Byzantium.
AD 1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople
AD 1204 Death of Maimonides
AD 1208-1213 Albigensian Crusade
AD 1210 Founding of Franciscan Order
AD 1212 Children's Crusade only one of 30,000 French children and about 200 of 20,000 German children survive to return home.
AD 1212 Spanish victory over Muslims at Las Navas de Tolosa
AD 1212-1250 Frederick II of Germany and Sicily
AD 1214-1294 Francis Bacon
AD 1215 Fourth Latern Council
AD 1215 Magna Carta
AD 1216 Founding of Dominican Order
AD 1217 Fifth Crusade, against Egypt
AD 1225-1274 St. Thomas Aquinas
AD 1226-1270 Louis IX (St. Louis) of France
AD 1228 Sixth Crusade
AD 1248 Seventh Crusade (1248),
AD 1250-1277 Height of Scholasticism
AD 1262 Greeks reinstablish Orthodox faith after the Crusade,
AD 1270 Eighth Crusade
AD 1270 Romance of the Rose
AD 1285-1314 Philip IV (the Fair) of France
AD 1285-1349 William of Ockham
AD 1290 Mechanical clock invented
AD 1291 Fall of last Christian outposts in the Holy Land
AD 1291 Mamelukes conquer Acre; end of the Crusades.
AD 1294-1303 Pope Boniface VII
AD 1300-1327 Period of Master Eckhart's activity
AD 1300-1450 European economic depression
AD 1305-1337 Paintings of Giotto
AD 1305-1378 Babylonian captivity of papacy
AD 1310 Dante's Divine Comedy
AD 1315 Floods throughout western Europe
AD 1320-1500 height of nominalism
AD 1330-1384 John Wyclif
AD 1337-1453 Hundred Years War
AD 1347-1350 Black Death
AD 1350 Boccaccio's Decameron
AD 1350-1450 Height of Hanseatic League
AD 1350-1450 Political chaos in Germany
AD 1378-1417 The Great Schism of the papacy
AD 1397-1494 Medici Bank
AD 1400-1441 Paintings of Jan van Eyck
AD 1408-1415 Jon Hus preaches in Bohemia
AD 1414-1417 Council of Constance
AD 1420-1434 Hussite Revolt
AD 1427 Imitation of Christ
AD 1429-1431 Appearance of Joan of Arc
AD 1430 May 23 Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundians
AD 1431 May 30 Joan of Arc was burned at the stake in France
AD 1431-1449 Council of Basel, defeat of conciliarism
AD 1440 December 21 Bluebeard was executed
AD 1450 Printing with movable type
AD 1450-1500 Rise of princes in Germany
AD 1453 Heavy artillery (cannons) helps Turks capture Constantinople and end Hundred Years War
AD 1453 Leonardo daVinci - Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, and engineer whose genius, Leonardo da Vinci born 1452, Vinci, Florence died May 2, 1519, Cloux, France
AD 1453 October 19 The Hundred Years War ended
AD 1453-1513 Reassertion of royal power in France
AD 1454-1485 Peace among Northern Italian states
AD 1462-1505 Ivan III lays foundation for Russian Empire
AD 1469 Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella
AD 1519 May 2 Artist Leonardo da Vinci died at Cloux, France
AD 1606 July 15 Dutch painter Rembrandt was born in Leiden, Netherlands
AD 1638 September 16 The "Sun King" of France, Louis XIV, was born
AD 1685 February 23 Composer George Frideric Handel was born in Germany
AD 1685 March 21 Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany
AD 1750 July 28 Johann Sebastian Bach died
AD 1763 February 10 The Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War
AD 1769 August 15 Napoleon Bonaparte was born on the island of Corsica
AD 1789 July 14 The French Revolution began
AD 1791 December 5 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died at the age of 35
AD 1793 November 8 The French museum, the "Louvre" was opened to the public
AD 1796 March 9 Napoleon Bonaparte married Josephine de Beauharnais
AD 1802 February 26 French literary giant Victor Hugo was born in Besancon
AD 1804 May 18 The French Senate proclaimed Napoleon Bonaparte emperor
AD 1814 April 11 Napoleon Bonaparte abdicated as emperor of France, and was banished to the island of Elba
AD 1821 May 5 Napoleon Bonaparte died in exile on St. Helena
AD 1827 March 26 Composer Ludwig van Beethoven died in Vienna
AD 1839 Jan 19 - Paul Cezanne born Jan. 19, 1839, Aix-en-Provence, France died Oct. 22, 1906, Aix-en-Provence, France French painter, one of the greatest of the Post impressionists,
AD 1853 March 30 Vincent (Willem) Van Gogh generally considered the greatest Dutch painter after Rembrandt Vincent van Gogh born March 30, 1853, Zundert, Netherlands died July 29, 1890, Paris, France
AD 1865 February 7 The Battle of Petersburg occurred
AD 1879 March 14 Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany
AD 1885 July 6 Louis Pasteur successfully tested an anti-rabies vaccine on a boy bitten by an infected dog
AD 1890 July 29 Painter Vincent van Gogh died in Auvers, France
AD 1898 April 24 Spain declared war on the United States
AD 1915 May 7 A German torpedo sank the Lusitania off Ireland
AD 1927 May 21 Charles Lindbergh arrived in Paris
AD 1933 January 10 The Holocaust began
AD 1933 January 30 Adolf Hitler becomes the chancellor of Germany
AD 1934 August 19 Adolf Hitler became Fuhrer of Germany
AD 1935 September 15 The Swastika was made the official symbol of Nazi Germany
AD 1939 May 22 Hitler and Mussolini: "Pact of Steel'" Germany & Italy alliance
AD 1939 September 1 World War II began with the Nazi invasion of Poland
AD 1939 September 3 Britain and France declared war on Germany
AD 1941 May 27 The German battleship Bismarck sank off France
AD 1944 August 1 Anne Frank's last diary entry
AD 1944 August 4 Gestapo captured Anne Frank & her family and others et al in Holland
AD 1944 July 20 An attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler failed
AD 1945 April 28 Benito Mussolini died
AD 1945 April 29 Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun were married
AD 1945 April 29 US forces freed 32,000 at Dachau Concentration Camp
AD 1945 April 30 Adolf Hitler committed suicide along with his wife of one day, Eva Braun
AD 1945 March 9 Anne Frank died
AD 1946 September 30The Military trial in Nuremberg found 22 Nazi's guilty of war crimes,
AD 1961 August 15 The Berlin Wall was created
BC GREEK BC
BC 183-145 Greek Invasion of India
BC 338 Macedonian conquest of Greece
BC 384-322 Aristotle
BC 429-347 Plato
BC 460-377 Hippocrates
BC 469-399 BC Socrates
BC 487-429 Perfection of Athenian democracy
BC 490-479 Greco-Persian War
BC 508 Reforms of Cleisthenes in Athens
BC 508 Reforms of Cleisthenes in Athens
BC 650 Shift from cavalry to infantry in Greece
BC 700 Earliest Greek settlement in Egypt's Nile delta
BC 750 The Iliad and The Odyssey
BC 750-600 Concentration of landed wealth in Greece
BC 750-600 Greek overseas expansion
BC 800 Beginning of city-states in Greece
BC 1200-1100 Collapse of Mycenaean civilization in Greece
BC 1250 Trojan War
BC 1500-800 Dark Ages of Greek history
BC 1600-1200 Mycenaean civilization on mainland Greece
BC ROME BC
BC 4 BC birth of Jesus
BC 4 BC death of Herod the Great
BC 27 beginning of Roman Empire Senate gave Gaius Octavius the name Augustus (exalted or holy one ) and undisputed emperor
BC 27-14 Principate of Augustus Caesar in Rome
BC 30 BC death of Cleopatra; Rome annexes Egypt; Rome shifts from Republic to Empire under Augustus
BC 44 Gaius Julius Caesar, the Roman leader who ruled the Roman Republic as a dictator, was assassinated.
BC 46-44 Dictatorship of Caesar in Rome
BC 55 August 26 Roman forces under Julius Caesar invaded Britain
BC 63 BC Romans invade, violate Temple; Judea becomes a Roman province
BC 63 September 23 Caesar Augustus was born in Rome.
BC 73-70 B.C. Sicily and Italy: Romans defeat slave revolt led by Spartacus, crucify 6,000
BC 100 July 12 Roman Emperor Julius Caesar was born
BC 106-43 Cicero
BC 133-121 Reforms of the Gracchi brothers in Rome
BC 146 Destruction of Carthage by Rome
BC 146-60 Introduction of Greek philosophy to Rome
BC 250-100 Growth of slavery, decline of small farmer in Rome
BC 250-50 Oriental mystery cults in Rome
BC 264-146 Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage
BC 390 the Gauls had sacked Rome
BC 450 Law of the Twelve Tables, Rome
BC 500 Establishment of Roman Republic
BC 509-27 BC it was a Roman Republic
BC 753 Rome founded
AD ROME AD
AD 14 August 19 Caesar Augustus died,
AD 41 January 24 Caligula, Emperor of Rome died
AD 54 October 13 October 13 Roman emperor Claudius I died,
AD 61 Treaty of Samos between Rome and Kush
AD 64 July 18 The great fire of Rome began
AD 68 June 9 Nero, Emperor of Rome, died
AD 79 August 24 Mount Vesuvius erupted, burying the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in volcanic ash , killing 20,000
AD 80 The Colosseum
AD 96-180 The "Good Emporers" in Rome
AD 120-250 Height of Roman portrait statuary
AD 121-180 Marcus Aurelius Roman
AD 180, Commodus became emperor of Rome (age of good emperors ended) murdered 192 AD
AD 193 Lucius Septimius Severus became emperor in Rome (the first African, He controled the army ambitious senators)
AD 193 to 235 Severan Dynasty Rome- a series of rulers, civil war times
AD 200 Completion of Roman jurisprudence by great jurists
AD 235-284 Civil war in the Roman empire
AD 284 to 305. Emperor Diocletian, instituted reforms that restored stable government and prosperity to the empire
AD 311 Beginning of toleration of Christians in Roman Empire
AD 312 Constantine invaded Italy (established toleration of all religions, including Christianity.) (died 337)
AD 380 Christianity becomes the official Roman religion
AD 410 Visigoths sack Rome
AD 410 the Goths sacked Rome.
AD 476 German invader deposed Romulus Augustulus, last emperor of Rome
AD 476 The collapse of the Roman political structure
AD 550 Corpus of Roman law
AD 1000-1200 Romanesque style in architecture and art
AD 1054 Beginning of Schism between Roman and Eastern Orthodox Churches
AD 1475 March 6 - Michelangelo Buonarotti born March 6, 1475, Florence died Feb. 18, 1564, Rome
AD 1483 April 6 - Full name RAFFAELLO SANZIO Raphael born April 6, 1483, Urbino, Italy died April 6, 1520, Rome, Italy
AD 1512 November 1 Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel paintings were first exhibited
AD 1519 January 12 Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I died
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